Charismatic Mass

  • Thread starter Thread starter ralph_c_armstro
  • Start date Start date
Status
Not open for further replies.
VOCI MIKE:

You apparently believe the music should be solid gregorian chant in charismatic worship. :eek: Not for these people as they celebrate in their own particular style of mass, which is much more praise-filled and joyful, than somber and reflective.
That’s not what I said, nor is it what I believe. What I asked is why Gregorian chant, which is indisputably music called for by the Holy Spirit (through Vatican II) to be given pride of place in the Roman Rite, does not appear to be given that pride of place in Charismatic circles. It’s a question, and I think a very legitimate one. Why do Charismatics appear to ignore the clear calling of the Holy Spirit in this regard?

And if you think Gregorian chant is only “somber and reflective” then you just don’t know enough about it. If you think Gregorian chant is not “praise-filled and joyful”, then you need to educate yourself more on the music which is to have pride of place in the Church, and which is her “supreme model” and “permanent standard” for all of her liturgical music.
 
I think what VociMike is saying (and VociMike, please correct me if I’m wrong) is that the Church says that Gregorian Chant should have pride of place in the liturgy and is the supreme model for all sacred music, so where is Gregorian Chant given pride of place in Charismatic Masses?
Yes, and I am specifically pointing out that it is the Holy Spirit, speaking through the Council, who has called for this particular music to be given pride of place. I would think Charismatics would take that very seriously. Do they?
 
I notice that you use St Padre Pio in your signature. I doubt that he would have agreed with much what you have written. No I don’t believe that only Catholics go to Heaven. Yes God loves us all, but he did provide an instrument e for our salvation, namely Christ Jesus and His bride, the Catholic Church. I would think that if one expressly rejects the teachings of the very instrument God intended us to use for our salvation then it could and probably would hinder them in their quest for salvation.

The late Holy Father was a good and decent man with a vision. He saw spiritual value in **EVERY ** faith Christian or not. The Catholic church has never taught that. He was not right in everything that he did and his approval of the charismatic issue was far from a desire that it become a normative practice of the Church.
Dear Palmas85,

As i said, i am not very learned in this area, i just know what is in my heart. As my beautiful mother is in the Charismatic Renewal - i will ask her some questions today, and believe me she does NOT lie. She is also a spiritual child of St Padre Pio and i have no doubt that she will let me know a bit more about this… She is very knowledged in this area and has been to the Life in the Spirit Seminars and still has all her teachings, so i’m sure i can find out more. I am** not **a Charismatic. I do not have any of the **‘gifts’ **that are bestowed upon them. But i would **never **put them down, as they **do **belong to our Church. As for the Pope, i will talk to my Parish Priest, he came back to us just after Christmas after spending 20 plus years in the Vatican. I will ask him directly about this and then i will get back to you. I will not say what i do not know. I just know that the CM brought me back to Jesus and the Church and i am not a Charismatic at all, but i have fell in love with how they love and praise Jesus, and i love going to them. If the Pope doesn’t say it is wrong, then to me, that’s ok… Sorry if you do not see it like that, but It is my personal opinion.

The late Holy Father was my father on earth, and i listened to him. He partook in Charismatic Masses as he also spoke in tongues. I know this to be true, and you **cannot **dispute this. I think he left good instruction for us all, but maybe we just look at it differently. 🙂

I don’t ‘put down’ other faiths, let alone parts of my own faith, i was not taught that in Catholic School. I do not ‘put down’ anything or anyone, let alone what i do not know and understand. I may not be super intelligent, but i have common sense.

Thank you for pointing out my signature, it is just that **'my signature.’ ** SInce going to Charismatic Masses i have developed a love so deep for Jesus, i don’t understand it, but i know it is there. I do use the same one in ALL my posts, i did not do it just for this one! I love Padre Pio, and i don’t think that has anything to do with what you are talking about. The CM gave me a ‘burning’ love for Jesus, did you not know that Padre Pio was in love with the Lord, his heart would pound with love for Jesus… faster and faster an faster… He felt love, compassion, so much for our Lord - i actually learn from him and have books on him.

I am not here to debate, just tell it how it is from my side of the fence. I am not a Charismatic, i do not belong to the Charismatic Renewal - but i will embrace the Charismatic Renewal as it was the reason why i came back to my faith as i was so disappointed with the Catholic Community who judged etc… i did not feel the love in parishes, but i did there. So… what is wrong with that? Nothing, our Churches in Australia were becoming more and more empty, but the Charismatic Renewal has brought people back to the Church, Protestants in particular have become Catholics because of the Renewal. We have a fire burning for Jesus finally! PRAISE THE LORD! I was embarassed to say something like that growing up as it was more American Evangelist talk, but not now… PRAISE JESUS for giving me the desire to come back to him. I pray in front of the Blessed Sacrament and it brings me joy… It is all my own personal choice. Anyway i do not want to be a smarty pants so I will talk to my Priest and my mother and then get back to you. 👍

Have a wonderful day, and God’s peace to you 😃
 
Actually the renewal started at a Protestant prayer gathering at Duquesne University when several Catholics in attendance asked for baptism of the Holy Spirit from a Presbyterian Minister. It did not begin with a woman praying in front of the Blessed Sacrament.

The late Holy Father had a dream of uniting all faiths under one umbrella with the Roman Church in the center with all other faiths ringed around it. He saw spiritual value in every religion Christian or not. A beautiful dream but a tad unrealistic and actually contrary to what both Scripture and the Catholic Church teaches. His approval of the Charismatic renewal was his personal opinion as far as I know. He did not teach it, encourage it or declare that it would be done. It is allowed to be done. It is not the normal practice of the Church however nor is it’s practice encouraged over the normative rite and devotions.

If the Holy Father comes out and declares that henceforth all Masses would be charismatic, I would accept and obey as I did when the Pauline Rite was instituted.

As to whether or not the Charismatic movement is heretical, I really don’t know. Since it grew out of groups, protestant evangelicals, that reject Catholic doctrine implicitly, I would say a case could possibly be made for heresy. Imagine, what better way to bring the Church down then to infiltrate it under the guise of pious practices and belief?

In the end result who knows? My opinion is not going to change things and is not worth much anyway.👍
He did not teach it, encourage it or declare that it would be done. It is allowed to be done.
I believe you’re mistaken on this point:

ewtn.com/expert/answers/charismatic_renewal.htm

There are many more quotes I could dig up to defend this view.
Protestant prayer gathering at Duquesne University when several Catholics in attendance asked for baptism of the Holy Spirit from a Presbyterian Minister. It did not begin with a woman praying in front of the Blessed Sacrament.
This is what I was referring to:

jeevanjal.org/jeevanjal/origin-ccr.html

From the website…

The Saturday night of the weekend had been set aside for relaxation. It was planned to celebrate a birthday party of one of the priests, but the party was rather slow in getting started, so Patti (Gallagher) went to gather people to come. On her way, she stopped in the second floor chapel. She remembers, "I wasn’t going in to pray, just to tell any students there, to come down to the party. But as I entered into the presence of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament and knelt there, I was filled with a sense of awe. I had always believed by the gift of faith, that Jesus is really present in the Blessed Sacrament, but I had never experienced His glory. As I knelt there, my body literally trembled before His majesty. I felt really scared and said to myself, 'Get out of here quick because something is going to happen if you stay in the presence of God.’ As I knelt there before the Lord, for the first time in my life, I prayed what I would call a prayer of total surrender. I said, 'Father I give my life to you and whatever you want of me, that’s what I choose. If it means suffering, then I accept that. Just teach me to follow your Son Jesus and to learn to love the way He loves.’”

In the next few moments Patti found herself prostrate, flat on her face before the tabernacle. No one had touched her but her shoes had come off. This was Holy ground. She was filled with an awareness of God’s personal love, a love so completely undeserved, so utterly foolish, so lavishly given, that the only word that came now was 'stay.’

Though she wanted to remain in the chapel, she knew that if she could experience God’s love in such a profound way, others could too. She told the other two students in the chapel, ‘I pray that this will happen to you’, then hurried to tell the priest-chaplain what had happened. As she left him, a few students asked ‘What has happened to you? Your face looks different!’ Patti told her story, then took them by the hand to the chapel. There she prayed, ‘Lord, whatever you just did for me, do it for them!’ Within half an hour, 12 of the 24 students were in the chapel. They stayed singing and praying from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. the following morning and during that night God touched each one in a unique way. Some felt God’s love so deeply, that they couldn’t do anything but weep. Others laughed and laughed. Some including Patti, felt a tremendous burning in their hands or going through their arms like fire. Others experienced a clicking in their throats or a tingling in their tongues. “You have to remember, we didn’t know about the gifts of the Holy Spirit”, said Patti.

The only other time I learned of this account was at a Charismatic Retreat. I don’t know of other accounts to the story.
 
I believe you’re mistaken on this point:

ewtn.com/expert/answers/charismatic_renewal.htm

There are many more quotes I could dig up to defend this view.

This is what I was referring to:

jeevanjal.org/jeevanjal/origin-ccr.html

.

The following preceded the section you posted. It looks to be–that the Charismatic movement was initiated by influence of protestant books and the participation of Pentecostals.

jeevanjal.org/jeevanjal/origin-ccr.html

In August of the year 1966, some lay Professors of the Duquesne University (pronounced as ‘Do Cain’) attended the Congress of the Cursillo Movement. They were looking forward for a new experience and hoped to achieve the full power of Faith and wished to find it in this spiritual formation movement, which had just started after the Vatican Council II in Spain. They had come to this movement after having been frustrated in their search in liturgical, ecumenical, apostolic and peace movements. At the Cursillo Congress, they got acquainted with Steve Clarke and Ralph Martin, co-ordinators of student activities at St. John’s Parish, East Lansing, Michigan. It all began for them with the reading of two books: “The Cross and the Switchblade” by David Wilkerson, an autobiographical story of a Protestant Pastor who was led by strong inner impulses to abandon the life of a salaried Parish Minister and embark on a dangerous mission to the delinquents and drug addicts of Brooklyn in neighbourhoods, into which the average American would not venture at night, or even by day for that matter. The 2lst chapter of the book was, “The Baptism in the Holy Spirit” which formed and penetrated the hearts of the readers. The Duquesne Professors found what they had been missing in other movements. At this time one of the organizers of the meeting was Ralph Keifer who came across a book on Pentecostalism by John Sherrils which was titled, “They speak in other tongues” which became the source book, for those who had gathered for the meeting.

In the fall of the same year, this group met again for a period of deeper prayer and in it, “Come Holy Spirit” was recited and an important place was given to the Holy Spirit. Since these Catholic laymen wanted more clarification on the topic, some approached the Pentecostals, despite the somewhat repute of their doctrinal beliefs. W. Lewis an Episcopalian Priest, put this group in touch with a woman involved in Charismatic Movement. In January 1967, an invitation was given to them to attend a prayer meeting on January 13th, which was the day of the Baptism of Our Lord. At that meeting more anxious doubts arose at the way things were done. Ralph was confused by the prayer meeting. No doubt, he was positive about the high level sharing and lively theology, but his intellectual mind was scandalized at the literal interpretation of the Scriptures and the idea of direct communication with God. Out of these four who attended the meeting, only Ralph returned the following week, but had brought with him another Professor of Theology, Patrick Bourgeois and at the end of the meeting, the two men asked to receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. One group prayed on Ralph, imposing their hands and the other group on Patrick. Ralph was asked to make an act of faith for the power of the Spirit to work. He prayed in tongues rather quickly. Ralph and the group began to have some deep and wonderful experiences of prayer. The result of all this was to seek an interdenominational and quite informal prayer group, who had undergone the experience called “The Baptism in the Holy Spirit” (the Acts of the Apostles and I Cor Chpts 12-14 were read literally by this group). The follow-up was on 18th and 19th February 1967 where about twenty-five students and University theology professors from Duquesne University got together for a retreat weekend at the Ark and the Dove retreat house outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to study the Acts of the Apostles and consider the claims of the Pentecostals as described in the two books, "The Cross and the Switchblade” and “They speak with other tongues.” They were praying for a new Pentecost throughout the weekend.
 

The following preceded the section you posted. It looks to be–that the Charismatic movement was initiated by influence of protestant books and the participation of Pentecostals.
jeevanjal.org/jeevanjal/origin-ccr.html

“The Cross and the Switchblade” is a great story. I suggest you watch the movie. If this wasn’t the work of God, I’m not sure what is. I can relate to this story because my conversion from agnosticism to Evangelical Protestantism was very supernatural.

As a former Charismatic/Evangelical Protestant, I’m well aware of how the power of God can move in a person’s life. Countless individuals caught up in drugs, sin, and all sorts of darkness have radically and miraculously transformed their lives through these denominations. To outright dismiss these movements as demonic is pathetic and ridiculous, to be charitable. It’s also a small-minded view of God and His love.

The point of my post was that the renewal took place in the midst of the most Blessed Sacrament. Furthermore, we know that JPII and others encouraged the growth of the renewal. I also think there is a correlation between the CCR and the growth of the Church in modern times. The Church is thriving where the renewal is evident; this is hardly a spurious relationship. Africa is probably the best example, and there are others.

As a person who loves diversity and can appreciate different expressions of worship, I strongly support the Charismatic Renewal, as well as the Tridentine Mass. As a person who needs theological clarity, structure, and authority, I find that both of these movements (Charismatic and Ultra-Traditional) have an important place in the Church. However, I am personally “middle of the road,” though open to both.

Let me reiterate Patti Gallagher’s words:

The Saturday night of the weekend had been set aside for relaxation. It was planned to celebrate a birthday party of one of the priests, but the party was rather slow in getting started, so Patti (Gallagher) went to gather people to come. On her way, she stopped in the second floor chapel. She remembers,** "I wasn’t going in to pray, just to tell any students there, to come down to the party. But as I entered into the presence of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament and knelt there, I was filled with a sense of awe. I had always believed by the gift of faith, that Jesus is really present in the Blessed Sacrament, but I had never experienced His glory. As I knelt there, my body literally trembled before His majesty. I felt really scared and said to myself, 'Get out of here quick because something is going to happen if you stay in the presence of God.’ As I knelt there before the Lord, for the first time in my life, I prayed what I would call a prayer of total surrender. I said, 'Father I give my life to you and whatever you want of me, that’s what I choose. If it means suffering, then I accept that. Just teach me to follow your Son Jesus and to learn to love the way He loves.’”**

You can believe this was demonic. I believe this was from the hand of our merciful and loving Abba Father. 🙂
 
jeevanjal.org/jeevanjal/origin-ccr.html

“The Cross and the Switchblade” is a great story. I suggest you watch the movie. If this wasn’t the work of God, I’m not sure what is. I can relate to this story because my conversion from agnosticism to Evangelical Protestantism was very supernatural.

As a former Charismatic/Evangelical Protestant, I’m well aware of how the power of God can move in a person’s life. Countless individuals caught up in drugs, sin, and all sorts of darkness have radically and miraculously transformed their lives through these denominations. To outright dismiss these movements as demonic is pathetic and ridiculous, to be charitable. It’s also a small-minded view of God and His love.

The point of my post was that the renewal took place in the midst of the most Blessed Sacrament. Furthermore, we know that JPII and others encouraged the growth of the renewal. I also think there is a correlation between the CCR and the growth of the Church in modern times. The Church is thriving where the renewal is evident; this is hardly a spurious relationship. Africa is probably the best example, and there are others.

As a person who loves diversity and can appreciate different expressions of worship, I strongly support the Charismatic Renewal, as well as the Tridentine Mass. As a person who needs theological clarity, structure, and authority, I find that both of these movements (Charismatic and Ultra-Traditional) have an important place in the Church. However, I am personally “middle of the road,” though open to both.

Let me reiterate Patti Gallagher’s words:

The Saturday night of the weekend had been set aside for relaxation. It was planned to celebrate a birthday party of one of the priests, but the party was rather slow in getting started, so Patti (Gallagher) went to gather people to come. On her way, she stopped in the second floor chapel. She remembers,** "I wasn’t going in to pray, just to tell any students there, to come down to the party. But as I entered into the presence of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament and knelt there, I was filled with a sense of awe. I had always believed by the gift of faith, that Jesus is really present in the Blessed Sacrament, but I had never experienced His glory. As I knelt there, my body literally trembled before His majesty. I felt really scared and said to myself, 'Get out of here quick because something is going to happen if you stay in the presence of God.’ As I knelt there before the Lord, for the first time in my life, I prayed what I would call a prayer of total surrender. I said, 'Father I give my life to you and whatever you want of me, that’s what I choose. If it means suffering, then I accept that. Just teach me to follow your Son Jesus and to learn to love the way He loves.’”**

You can believe this was demonic. I believe this was from the hand of our merciful and loving Abba Father. 🙂

I believe it was more the power of suggestion–derived from reading the books and the influence of the Pentecostals.
 
I believe it was more the power of suggestion–derived from reading the books and the influence of the Pentecostals.
I love you my dear sibling in Christ. Please forgive me if I’m wrong. Please forgive me if I came off the wrong way. If this is merely our imagination, it will either fade away or the Church will rebuke it.

Here is what Patti had to say recently.

zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=90331

Date: 2006-06-04

Patti Gallagher Mansfield’s Address at Vigil

“It Is Not Ourselves That We Preach”

VATICAN CITY, JUNE 4, 2006 Zenit.org).- Here is the address delivered by Patti Gallagher Mansfield, a witness of the start of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, at the end of the meeting of the ecclesial movements and new communities with Benedict XVI. The meeting was held Sunday, eve of Pentecost, in St. Peter’s Square.

 
As a person who loves diversity and can appreciate different expressions of worship, I strongly support the Charismatic Renewal, as well as the Tridentine Mass. As a person who needs theological clarity, structure, and authority, I find that both of these movements (Charismatic and Ultra-Traditional) have an important place in the Church. However, I am personally “middle of the road,” though open to both.

You can believe this was demonic. I believe this was from the hand of our merciful and loving Abba Father. 🙂
Christcnection1,
I just want to say I’ve enjoyed your posts and share your enthusiasm for the Charismatic Renewal.

Anyone who has ever experienced or witnessed the fruits of the Renewal could never deny that the movement is from God.
 
Christcnection1,
I just want to say I’ve enjoyed your posts and share your enthusiasm for the Charismatic Renewal.

Anyone who has ever experienced or witnessed the fruits of the Renewal could never deny that the movement is from God.
You’re absolutely right. Perhaps this is easy to forget. Those were exactly the words I needed to hear.

Thank you!
 
I love you my dear sibling in Christ. Please forgive me if I’m wrong. Please forgive me if I came off the wrong way. If this is merely our imagination, it will either fade away or the Church will rebuke it.

Here is what Patti had to say recently.

zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=90331

Date: 2006-06-04

Patti Gallagher Mansfield’s Address at Vigil

“It Is Not Ourselves That We Preach”

VATICAN CITY, JUNE 4, 2006 Zenit.org).- Here is the address delivered by Patti Gallagher Mansfield, a witness of the start of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, at the end of the meeting of the ecclesial movements and new communities with Benedict XVI. The meeting was held Sunday, eve of Pentecost, in St. Peter’s Square.

"

Yea—the new springtime----that has turned into a long cold winter.
 
That’s not what I said, nor is it what I believe. What I asked is why Gregorian chant, which is indisputably music called for by the Holy Spirit (through Vatican II) to be given pride of place in the Roman Rite, does not appear to be given that pride of place in Charismatic circles. It’s a question, and I think a very legitimate one. Why do Charismatics appear to ignore the clear calling of the Holy Spirit in this regard?

And if you think Gregorian chant is only “somber and reflective” then you just don’t know enough about it. If you think Gregorian chant is not “praise-filled and joyful”, then you need to educate yourself more on the music which is to have pride of place in the Church, and which is her “supreme model” and “permanent standard” for all of her liturgical music.

So far VociMike—no Charismatic or Charismatic enabler—has stepped forth to answer your question.
 
Yea—the new springtime----that has turned into a long cold winter.
I’m afraid your words bring neither life, nor encouragement, but I forgive you.

The hearts of those active in the renewal are warm and toasty.

May the Divine Physician, the Lord Jesus grant you His living water and peace that passes all understanding.

I wish you the best on your journey, wherever and however He leads you. I mean that with the utmost sincerity. God bless!
 
I’m afraid your words bring neither life, nor encouragement, but I forgive you.

The hearts of those active in the renewal are warm and toasty.

May the Divine Physician, the Lord Jesus grant you His living water and peace that passes all understanding.

I wish you the best on your journey, wherever and however He leads you. I mean that with the utmost sincerity. God bless!

Sorry christcnection1—I don’t see life thru rose colored glasses. I see it for what it is—and this includes what has happend to Church in the last 40 yrs. Believeing things are warm and toasty --will only take us further down the road to the diminishing of our Mass.
 

Sorry christcnection1—I don’t see life thru rose colored glasses. I see it for what it is—and this includes what has happend to Church in the last 40 yrs. Believeing things are warm and toasty --will only take us further down the road to the diminishing of our Mass.
Well, we disagree on the Charismatic Renewal, but I think we can agree on a revival of sacredness in the Mass. (Warm and toast only meant on fire with holy love for God and neighbor.)

I would love to see more Tridentine Masses springing to life! I am curious and excited about some of the changes that may take place in the coming years.

catholic.com/projects/sacrament_charity.asp

Do you sense this is the right direction? I certainly do.

(I just think there should limited use of the Charismatic Mass. I do, however, support regular “praise, worship, and healing” services (not Masses) for those interested in this expression of love.)
 
Deidre and Christcnection,

I have just arrived home from a packed Catholic Church in my town listening to Dr. Scott Hahn, and I am so overwhelmed my fingers will probably fly over the keyboard. He received a standing ovation, and his words were so profound that it will take me days to absorb all of it. By God’s grace, my spiritual life will be different from ths single encounter.

One point he made was strikingly poignant and pertains somewhat to this discussion. In his exuberance of trying to win over the Catholics, he had memorized a number of “proof texts” which he later learned were taken out of context, and were in reality only a “pretext.” None of his wordy proof texts won souls to Christ. The only thing that mattered was the encounter, “Were not our hearts burning within us as He spoke with us along the way?”

You both have demonstrated through your posts that your spirit is genuine, and my heart rejoiced to read your messages. There is truly a joy in those who walk in Christ’s presence. and it is THIS that will cause others to stop and take a second look — not the proof texts that are really only a noisy gong, but have no substance or power, only the letter of the law.

My days of arguing are over, after tonight! I have been so very blessed, and no amount of reasoning from “proof texts” will ever cause me to give audience to the empty words from a cold lifeless spirit ever again.

:amen:
 
Well, we disagree on the Charismatic Renewal, but I think we can agree on a revival of sacredness in the Mass. (Warm and toast only meant on fire with holy love for God and neighbor.)

I would love to see more Tridentine Masses springing to life! I am curious and excited about some of the changes that may take place in the coming years.

catholic.com/projects/sacrament_charity.asp

Do you sense this is the right direction? I certainly do.

(I just think there should limited use of the Charismatic Mass. I do, however, support regular “praise, worship, and healing” services (not Masses) for those interested in this expression of love.)

What ever they do—let them to it outside the context of the Mass.
 

What ever they do—let them to it outside the context of the Mass.
From the Catechism of the Catholic Church, “1517 Like all the sacraments the Anointing of the Sick is a liturgical and communal celebration,[131] whether it takes place in the family home, a hospital or church, for a single sick person or a whole group of sick persons. It is very fitting to celebrate it within the Eucharist, the memorial of the Lord’s Passover. If circumstances suggest it, the celebration of the sacrament can be preceded by the sacrament of Penance and followed by the sacrament of the Eucharist. As the sacrament of Christ’s Passover the Eucharist should always be the last sacrament of the earthly journey, the ‘viaticum’ for ‘passing over’ to eternal life.”
christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/heal2.html#IS
 
From the Catechism of the Catholic Church, “1517 Like all the sacraments the Anointing of the Sick is a liturgical and communal celebration,[131] whether it takes place in the family home, a hospital or church, for a single sick person or a whole group of sick persons. It is very fitting to celebrate it within the Eucharist, the memorial of the Lord’s Passover. If circumstances suggest it, the celebration of the sacrament can be preceded by the sacrament of Penance and followed by the sacrament of the Eucharist. As the sacrament of Christ’s Passover the Eucharist should always be the last sacrament of the earthly journey, the ‘viaticum’ for ‘passing over’ to eternal life.”
christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/heal2.html#IS

Is a Charismatic healing service the same thing as Annointing of the Sick.
 
Status
Not open for further replies.
Back
Top