Here’s what a white priest explained to me: Every white person in America benefitted from racial discrimination against blacks in the US.
Because of various types of subjugation, white folks were able to take home more money (and get better health care) and support their businesses better and educated there families better. Thus the entire white community got a benefit and the minority communities were harmed unfairly. The effects of such discrimination surely did not end in 1964, either. Bad health, bad neighborhoods near toxic wastes and bad living conditions stayed bad.
And, despite the views of Scalia, it does not matter if the whites immigrated here after emancipation or not. European POWs in the US were able to be fed in accommodations which were barred to US soldiers! And it is well-known that unions in our major cities had clauses restricting membership to the relatives and descendants of union members. This perpetuated the relegating of minorities to second class status and kept them in lower paying jobs. So minorities had less money to leave to their children and grandchildren.
What about white who never even met blacks? Chuck Yeager, a high school dropout from WV, became an officer in WWII. He was able to send an officer’s pay home to his relatives in the largely white state. This was a status which largely was unavailable to minorities during that war, so they sent less money home on a enlisted man’s pay. So, it does not matter even if whites here in America had been unfamiliar with black folks, they all benefited.
You could say that since 1865 white Americans had benefited from special treatment which was based on race. A sort of leg up like ‘legacy admissions’ to colleges, or, affirmative action.
Now, when you view history through that sort of lens, and realize that every day racial majorities in the US continue to benefit from racial discrimination, reparations begin to make a lot more sense.