Jason Meyers:
Thanks to Alec for providing those references to my last comment. There are many more (one of the big names you can search for is WJ Gehring), but those are an excellent start!
JRM
By the way, I forgot to say that although it seems clearer and clearer that metazoan eyes have some common developmental and functional features (for example the fact that Pax-6 and Sonic Hedgehog are conserved in eye development across vertebrate and invertebrates, and the recently discovered fact that both rhabdomeric and ciliary opsins were present in the common ancestor of both vertebrates and at least some invertebrates), the idea that eyes in different evolutionary lineages represent convergent evolution has certainly not gone away.
The big cheese here is a guy called Michael Land who is the great expert in comparative eye function and structure. He, and many others, continue to claim that although there is certainly regulatory and molecular homology in eyes, structurally and anatomically eyes are polyphyletic and are examples of convergent evolution. They point out that regulatory genes like Pax-6, Shh and many others responsible for body patterning have multiple developmental functions across many different body structures and that their expression in the eye is not necesssarily evidence of structural common ancestry. They also point out that eyes develop in different animals from different tissues and that other structures of eyes, for example the proteins of the lens are not homologous:
See for example:
Michael F Land and Dan-Eric Nilsson, ‘Animal Eyes’, Oxford University Press, ISBN0198509685 , 2002.
Land and others would claim that pre-existing opsins and Pax-6 were co-opted multiple times in the independent development of eyes. In a sense it’s possible to say that eyes are examples of both divergent and convergent evolution - that the fundamental developmental biology and light sensitivity is conserved and an example of divergence, whereas structure and functional anatomy is an example of convergent evolution.
In any case to say that all eyes in all metazoans are *structures *that can be traced back to primitive eyes in a common ancestor (monphyletic) is controversial. What everyone seems to agree is that major critical features in eyes, say crystalline lenses, adjustable pupils, even ararys of light sensitive cells (retinas) etc developed independently in different lineages and are perfect examples of convergent evolution.
Do you agree Jeremy?
Alec
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