I’m going to say I respect you, a burger, because I do and because there’s not 100% agreement on this among all Catholic scholars. I did some looking last night, and Ephraim (whom you mention) and Jerome (author of the Vulgate) disagree, and both ideas have seemed to continue throughout history but Ephraim’s has definitely been the second fiddle to Jerome’s.
Partly, Jerome’s commentary on Daniel is just astounding. I mean, it’s first-rate scholarship. It helps that he influenced Augustine substantially and Augustine spread ideas like few others in church history.
After listening to an interesting show by Jimmy Akin (look under Radio Archives for “Rapture” - it’s Jimmy’s earliest show) and reading through a few writings, it seems that the Catholic teaching is against the idea of a pre-trib rapture, but otherwise it’s not dogmatically defined. What this means is that we are free to believe in a rapture to the extent that it means Jesus is coming to save us provided the when is not prior to the Tribulation.
And that when has huge implications. I’m actually picqued enough that I’d like to find (once I have time) a good study guide to Revelation and Scripture prophecy. Revelation is not an easy book to read.
It is not dogmatically defined because it is not necessary to do so. It really is not hard to figure out using Scripture and also knowing that the term “rapture” is derived from the text of the Catholic Latin Vulgate that was written in 390 A.D. It comes from 1 Thessalonians 4:17 “we will be caught up,” [Latin: rapiemur].
Catholics believe that when Jesus returns at His Second Coming, that those Christians who are still alive on earth will meet Jesus in the air at this time, and that their bodies will be instantly changed from mortal to immortal and from corruptible to incorruptible.
1 Thessalonians 4:16-18 “For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel, and
with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. 17 Then
we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And thus we shall always be with the Lord. 18 Therefore comfort one another with these words.”
1 Corinthians 15:51-53 “Behold, I tell you a mystery: We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed— 52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye,
at the last trumpet. For
the trumpet will sound, and** the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed**. 53 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.”
These two Scriptures are about the same event and it happens at Jesus’ Second Coming at the end of “time” on Judgment Day at the sound of the trumpet (Matthew 25:31-32, 2 Timothy 4:8). The trumpet sounds when it heralds Jesus’ Second Coming.
1 Corinthians 15:22-26 “For just as in Adam all die, so too in Christ shall
all be brought to life, but each one in proper order: Christ the firstfruits; then, at his coming, those who belong to Christ; then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to his God and Father, when he has destroyed every sovereignty and every authority and power. For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.
The last enemy to be destroyed is death.”
Jesus destroys death for everyone at His Second and final Coming when we meet him (are caught up) in the air and we will change from mortal to immortal and from corruptible to incorruptible.
Hebrews 9:27-28 “Just as it is appointed that human beings die once, and after this the judgment, so also Christ, offered once to take away the sins of many, will appear a
second time, not to take away sin but
to bring salvation to those who eagerly await him.”
Notice that Jesus only appears a “second time” for our salvation. He does not come to take us out before the tribulation. He comes to get us after the tribulation. He does not appear three times. He only appears two times, the first time 2000 years ago in order to die for our sins, and He will come a second time to immortalize us (defeat death forever). Then comes the end, and after that the Judgment of every person who has ever lived.
Acts 14:22 “We must through
many tribulations enter the kingdom of God.”
2 Corinthians 6:4-7 “But in all things
we commend ourselves as ministers of God: in much patience, in tribulations, in needs, in distresses, 5 in stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labors, in sleeplessness, in fastings; 6 by purity, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Spirit, by sincere love, 7 by the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armor of righteousness on the right hand and on the left,”
Catholics do not believe that Jesus will come and take His Church out before the tribulation of Antichrist. It is not Biblical. We all must suffer the tribulations that God sends us and remain faithful to Him until death in order to enter the kingdom of God.
Pax,
SHW