There is a proper role for government.
The issue is:
how much government?
And at
what level of government?
And there are overlapping levels of government. In the USA, there are Federal, state, county, and municipal. And there may be regional “non-governments” such as river basin agencies, dormitory authorities, and port authorities; but they have taxation authority and often also have the power of eminent domain.
Roads are the function of the local municipalities and the roads are used by everyone.
To provide expedited travel, state highways were built, under state authority. When they proved insufficient, toll roads were built under various state charters.
Dirt roads function well in many situations. No need to upgrade them. When citizens demand it, the town or township may do a simple upgrade such as providing drainage ditches and drain pipes to prevent washouts, for example. OR, as has happened in rural Pennsylvania, companies drilling for natural gas used their own money to perform MAJOR upgrades of local roads … in 2011, they spent hundreds of millions of dollars … everyone was shocked by how fast the natural gas companies worked and by the high construction standards that were employed. Everyone commented on how the roads provided by the natural gas companies were much faster and better than the government provided roads and road upgrades.
Before someone examines the history of railroad construction, they need to look at previous transportation infrastructures. So, early on, and for more than one hundred years, canals dominated long haul transportation such as in New York State and in Pennsylvania. When steam engines came available in the early-mid 1800’s, everyone was fascinated by railroading and there was almost a railroad mania … every town wanted a railroad to come through. In the U.S. and other countries, they were built by private ventures.
There were many failures owing to poor economics, but people learned.
Here is one history of turnpikes:
whitemountainhistory.org/Early_Turnpikes_and_Road.html
If you google “earliest turnpike”, there are descriptions of turnpikes in England going back to the 1600’s.
Here is how the Pennsylvania Turnpike came about in the 1900’s, using some former railroad right-of-way.
pahighways.com/toll/PATurnpike.html
The Catholic Church has described a major controlling factor as “subsidiarity”. That is, to provide a service at the lowest government or church level possible … to be as close to the people as possible.
The Constitution of the United States describes the limitations on the central “Federal” government. So the only roads mentioned are post roads which are supposed to be part of the postal mail service system of post offices.
Education is best conducted at the local level with the teachers accountable to the parents, who can look out for [or should be looking out for] the needs of their children, and supplement with tutoring as needed based on individuality; bureaucrats who live and work in the national capital of the United States have no clue. Basically, money wasted.
The same thing applies to issues such as police and fire departments. In many cases, communities form volunteer fire companies because that form is most appropriate to the needs of that particular community. Money is raised by donations and fund raisers. For example, some towns or townships may be sparsely populated and widely spread out; as a result, the water supply systems do not cover all of the roads; so they solve the problem by purchasing fleets of tanker trucks to ferry water from ponds and lakes. It may not appeal to city-dwellers, but they have determined by experience what works for them at the local level. And NO taxation is needed. Similar reasoning applies to local policing. Often, communities contract out to the county or to the state for policing and for prison services. It depends on the local need and on the costs and on the responsiveness required.
The same thing applies to water systems. The local communities have been providing local water supplies for a couple of hundred years or longer in the United States. The local elected officials discuss with the citizenry and move ahead as needed. It works well. When central Federal bureaucrats get involved, they tend to seek universal standards, even in situations where they may not be appropriate. Each community is different, but the central government is not geared toward recognizing local differences.