Penny Plain:
Are we, as Catholics, required to believe that the entire Bible is literally true?
That depends on what we are talking about
For example, someone might say, “Penny is a friend of mine”. And might say to you, “You’re a true friend”.
Both sentences are making assertions - and both are making claims which might be said to be true, or untrue, as the case may be. But, though both statements are true under certain circumstances, they are not true in quite the same way. The first sentence is saying something that is either true, or not: your friends could say it truthfully, but those people who are not your friends, could not.
The second sentence also asserts something which is true or false - with an important addition. In the first sentence, the truth or falsity lay in the claim which the sentence expressed. In the second, not only is the claim true or false, but the person addressed is being called “true” as well.
So assertions about the contents of the Bible may be true or false - “Jonathan was the father of David” is false, “Jesus ascended into Heaven” is true; and so can people be true.
Truth in the Biblical texts is often truth as reliability - not truth as correspondence of an assertion with the realities it sets out to describe. It does not follow that the Bible is false. For example, the text of Genesis 5 says Methuselah died aged 969. Does it follow that the text is asserting this as a fact, in the same way as the text asserts that David ruled over all Israel ? No - because assertions, even when true, can be true without being statements about the “real world”.
For instance, assertions about the Cat in the Hat, however true within the poem about him, are not true in the “real world”, because the CitH, is, in relation to the real world, a fictional being. Cats do not wear hats, and Dr.Seuss was not claiming to know of one that did. His fiction is not a lie, because the assertions in it held true within the fiction - he would have been lying only if he had been claiming to describe the “real world”.
And this helps us understand much of the Bible. Revelation 12 can talk about a red dragon, not because the author’s biology was in error, so that he did not realise that seven-handed dragons spewing a flood were biologically impossible - he is not trying to describe an animal of the “real world”; he is writing a type of text in which animals of that kind are familiar “props”, and making theological piints within the contraints of that particular type of writing.
So literality is like a lasagne - it has many layers; and a piece of writing which is senseless nonsense if taken as a type of writing it is not, makes sense once we see what the author is trying to say and how. Genesis 5 is not the same type of writing as the “court history” of 2 Samuel; and neither is the same type of writing as Revelation. The CitH would be weird if it appeared in the “real world”; it would be as out of place as a walking tree. But within its own world & story, it makes sense.
And the truth of Revelation, is not of the same sort as the truth of parables, or history, say. All convey truth - but they do so in different ways, just as sentences and people are true, & convey truth in different ways. In reality, only God is Really True - all truth is from God, and is an echo of God. And because created things are varied, so are the ways in which they echo the truth of their Creator.
Hope that helps ##