I “looked it up” 20 years ago - when I had a Catholic professor of church history.
I never said indulgences were sold. But there were often almsgivings involved, which invited scandal…
The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "(I)t is easy to see how abuses crept in. Among the good works which might be encouraged by being made the condition of an indulgence, almsgiving would naturally hold a conspicuous place
It seems like the Catholic Encyclopedia is engaging in Sophistry. Actually the sole purpose of sending Tetzel and company on the road was to collect “alms”. Otherwise there was no need for him!
Any parish priest could do what he did. The big difference was that the individual was not required to make a confession. There was a quid pro quo here.
How many of these ‘indulgences’ were given for no money or gifts? As far as we can tell none, it has not been pointed out as a defense of the practice. How many confessions did Tetzel hear in that time in lieu of coin? It has not been revealed to us.
Was it Tetzel’s idea to go out and collect the “alms”? No. The idea originated with the Pope. His accountants told him he was spending money faster than he could collect it. Not surprisingly, they turned to a man who had prior experience at this, with other bishops at least if not former Popes.
But we need to go back a few years, perhaps generations, and look at this in the way a common parish priest would have seen it for a long time. What shocked many young devoted priests and monks (like Luther, but by no means only him) was the corruption at the center, on their pilgrimages to Rome. That would give any devout and impressionable Christian cognitive dissonance and they would have to deal with that emotional strain when they got home, away from the rats nest. Obviously there was a lot of angst in these men, unable to reconcile what they had seen in Rome with what they knew the church was really like in the parish.
Then unfortunately the Medici Pope (from a prominent Italian banking family) sends these agents out, specifically to “collect alms” for something any parish priest should be able to do for free, and the reaction among local priests was predictable. From their perspective the poison and corruption was spreading.
Simony (a great sin) was already a serious problem in the church hierarchy for centuries. The sale of Cardinals positions had been a routine practice for many centuries by this time, and the new Cardinals expected to make that money back, plus a profit, by collecting fees through their services (granting approvals for dispensations and such) to the local churches. Usually, an individual embarking on a career path like that would borrow money from a banking house which was due with interest. These corrupt men were the electors of the Pope, and usually chose among themselves for the highest position in the church. Often the process involved intensive bargaining with promises made to ensure support.
The Medici family was a big financial banker of Pope John XXIII the anti-Pope 100 years previous. They had been involved in this racket a long time, even putting two of their own youngsters into the “system”, and naturally they paid the customary “alms” as they rose in rank in the church.
There were also bishops who held multiple Sees, *against canon law *but with dispensations from the Popes. This put the bishop in great debt (not to the Pope, as he took cash) to the bankers, but they expected to make it up as they collected income from their own share of “alms” in each diocese they controlled.
The whole indulgence scandal should not be seen in isolation, it was part of a much greater problem. Not simply a questionable theological problem, a chronic systemic problem.
Michael