If the Neanderthal Man was the first with a** human soul**, then yes. The human soul is what makes a person. A dead body is no longer a person, but a corps, mere material. The person (soul) has gone on to be judged.
The Church has no reason to take a side when it comes to the issue of when life for mankind started. She simply leaves it at Adam and Eve are real people and we all descend from them.
The problem I have with humans coming from preexisting animals is this…
- on a scientific and material level, it is far from being proven; regardless of what people say. It can never be proven or duplicated with the same environmental variables.
- and more importantly,IMO, it does not square with Sacred Scripture or Tradition. A soul is what animates us and animals. If you remove the soul from an animal, it is lifeless, meaning it is not moving at all but decaying. If you remove the human soul from a person’s body, the body is also lifeless. We have life in us because of our souls, not because of our bodies. If we posit that God took an animal (something with an animal soul and not rational/human) then he would be destroying a preexisting animal to bring about the person of Adam. Again, I just don’t see any such idea in Scripture or Tradition that God took an animal (matter that was already created with a soul) and then did the old switch-a-roo on it, making it a person by breathing a new and updated rational soul (one that can know, love and serve God) into it.
IMO, again, it is more of an act of blind faith to believe that, than just believing what the Church has always taught, up till the modern age where generational snobbery is so prevalent, meaning we think we are so much smarter, now and all other generations are just a bunch of “neanderthals”.
As Catholics, I never understood why this teaching is so hard to submit to and accept by just giving it our ascent of faith. I know you are not Catholic, or Christian, so I understand your position. Maybe one day, you will be with us in the Body of Christ.
God bless.
Pax Christi.