I don’t doubt that the various Marian beliefs go back a good ways but I don’t think there is any evidence that they belief(s) can be traced back to either Jesus or the apostles themselves, which is what the other poster seems to be claiming.
Yes, they go back a very, very good ways:
15-17 years after the death of Christ:
Prayer to St. Joseph. Oldest Christian Prayer known with the exception of the Our Father. Written approx. 50AD
Oh, Saint Joseph,
whose protection is so great, so strong, so prompt
before the throne of God,
I place in you all my interests and desires.
Oh, Saint Joseph,
do assist me by your powerful intercession,
and obtain for me from your Divine Son
all spiritual blessings, through Jesus Christ, our Lord.
So that, having engaged here below your heavenly power,
I may offer my thanksgiving and homage to the most Loving of Fathers.
Oh, Saint Joseph,
I never weary contemplating you and Jesus asleep in your arms;
I dare not approach while He reposes near your heart.
Press Him in my name and kiss his fine head for me and ask him to return the Kiss
when I draw my dying breath.
Saint Joseph, Patron of departed souls – pray for me.
Amen.
150-202 Irenaeus of Lyons points to Mary’s role in redemption (Mary is causa salutis and advocata Evae)
Sub Tuum Praesidium oldest known Marian prayer written circa 250ad It was written under the patronage of the Holy Catholic See in Alexandria.First discovered in the Coptic Christians Christmas Liturgy late in the Third Century.
Sub tuum praesidium confugimus,
Sancta Dei Genetrix.
Nostras deprecationes ne despicias
in necessitatibus nostris,
sed a periculis cunctis
libera nos semper,
Virgo gloriosa et benedicta.
Amen.
Chronological Table of Marian EventsURL for this page is
udayton.edu/mary/resources/Timetable.htm
54-60 First allusion to Mary in Paul’s Letter to the Galatians (4:4 “God sent his son born of a woman”)
65 Mary mentioned twice in Mark’s Gospel
70-100 Matthew’s Gospel, Luke Acts and John’s Gospel show Mary’s presence in the life of Jesus and the early Christian Community
90-100 Mary and the Church are both symbolized in the image of the woman in the Book of Revelation (chapter 12)
ca. 110 Ignatius of Antioch makes references to Mary as Virgin and Mother.
150-165 Justin Martyr brings the comparison between Eve and Mary (Eve-Mary-Parallel)
150-202 Irenaeus of Lyons points to Mary’s role in redemption (Mary is causa salutis and advocata Evae)
late 2nd C. Early paintings of Mary in the catacombs
200-350 Composition of the prayer Sub tuum praesidium – the oldest Marian prayer
217 Founding of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome
300 Introduction of the Akathistos Hymn in the East
306-373 Ephrem of Syria, known for his poetic writings about Mary
350 Earliest recorded invocation of Mary by St. Justina
352-366 Founding of Saint Mary Major under Pope Liberius I
370 Earliest liturgy of Mary composed in Syria
339-397 Ambrose of Milan speaks of Mary as type of the Church
354-430 Augustine of Hippo speaks of Mary as most excellent member and type of the Church
ca. 400 Earliest version of the Transitus of Mary
400-500 Temple of Isis at Soissons/France dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary,
Introduction of the Feast of the Commemoration of the Virgin throughout Europe,
Feast of the Annunciation celebrated in Byzantium
431 Council of Ephesus proclaims Mary as Theotokos
432 Dedication of the enlarged Church of Saint Mary Major/Rome by Pope Sixtus III