But that is exactly what He meant. The apostles understood this to be so. They needed no clarification. And the reason for this is because, the year before at the same passover, He gave the discourse on the bread of life (John 6).
Yes they took Him literally because it is precisely what Jesus was saying.
So here is the text to make sure we are clear about this:
John 6
48 I am the bread of life.**
49 Your ancestors ate the manna in the desert, but they died;**
50 this is the bread that comes down from heaven so that one may eat it and not die.**
51 I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world."
52 The Jews quarreled among themselves, saying, "How can this man give us (his) flesh to eat?"
53 Jesus said to them, "Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood,* you do not have life within you.
54
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day.**
55
For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink.**
56
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him.**
57 Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, s
o also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me.
58 This is the bread that came down from heaven. Unlike your ancestors who ate and still died, whoever eats this bread will live forever."
59 These things he said while teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum.
60 Then many of his disciples who were listening said, “This saying is hard; who can accept it?”
*With the words I highlighted, Jesus made it very clear what He was saying. Notice How he did not remain with the terminology of bread, he changed this terminology to flesh and to blood (repeating it 6 times) so that you will have no mistake as to what He means.
48 Yes he is the bread that came down from heaven. The bread of life from heaven gives eternal life to everyone who eats it. The bread of life from heaven from heaven is Jesus, we agree with this. Jesus came from heaven to be the sacrifice for our sins, we can agree with this. He gives eternal life, we agree with this. To everyone who eats it. Now this is where the disagreement comes in, to eat it means to believe in him.
50 This bread I give you is my flesh, his body to die on the cross for our sins, we can agree with this.
53 Unless you eat the flesh, here is where we disagree, means unless you believe in me. You do not have life within you, means your spiritual life, your soul is dead, I hope we can agree with this.
54 Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, here we disagree, believe in me.
And I will raise them on the last day, you will be with me in heaven, we can agree with this.
55 My flesh is true food, true spiritual food, and by blood is true drink, spiritual drink, Those who are spiritual hungry will be fed by the word of Christ and those who thirst for the word of Christ, will not be thirsty.
56 I in them and them in me, Christ will never leave you once you accept and believe in him. Probably disagree.
57 Because I live by the power of the Father, those who believe in me or the power of me will live spiritually. Provbably disagree.
58 I am the true bread from heaven, agree its Jesus, Anyone who eats this bread, anyone who believes in Jesus, probably disagree. Will live forever, spiritually, agree, and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate the manna, they ate regular food and died physically but if you eat the bread from heaven, believe in Jesus, your spirit will not die.
60 They could not accept that he was from God, the Son of Man, they did not believe in and who Jesus was so it would be hard for them not to understand because they could not accept Jesus for who he really is. Probably disagree.