In this day and age I think the problem is lack of understanding.
I’ve heard a well known fundie preacher state that if you don’t live right here, when you die you will have stench upon as though you escaped through fire. Clearly referencing 1 Cor 3:15. Heard another pastor say that judgement for a Christian, especially a worldly one is going to be very painful and he does not look forward to that day. Both times I’m juggling Catholicism and thought to myself, geez, they sorta sound Catholic to me lol. That sounds like purgatory in a way.
So in actuality, I think a ton of them do believe in it, they just don’t realize it. And the ones who do sorta believe in it, C.S Lewis comes to mind, have issue with it being defined by Rome.
Those angry men you describe such as Luther just had a problem with the Church exercising her authority. Because some of the men who were doing the exercising came across as pompous and un-Christlike.