Then use them.
Tell me about what humans will look like in 500,000 years.
Tell me about the pets we will keep.
Tell me about the fish in the sea.
You just told me you have everything needed to make an accurate prediction.
Do it.
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Tell me about what humans will look like in 500,000 years.
Tell me about the pets we will keep.
Tell me about the fish in the sea.
You just told me you have everything needed to make an accurate prediction.
Do it.
I do believe fission and fusion are well understood and have been done in a lab.I am waiting for some creationist astronomer to duplicate a full-size star in a lab. Not anywhere near me, I hope.
rossum
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rossum
Guest
You are misinformed. Give evolution a single target: a single drug, and it has a reasonable chance of hitting that target. Give it multiple targets to hit simultaneously with multiple different drugs and it has a far smaller chance of hitting all the targets simultaneously. Missing any one target will kill the virus.
As you say, similar therapies are used on other diseases, where the required drugs are available. The drugs have to work in different enough ways so as to present different targets.
There are other ways to slow down evolution, but that is one of them. Read How To Make A Superweed for a different technique to sow down evolution.
rossum
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rossum
Guest
Random mutation and natural selection are also well understood and have both been doe in a lab. Many times. Are you satisfied, or do you want to wait 10,000 years for the experiment to finish?
rossum
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edwest211
Guest
Slow down evolution? Bacteria have a pre-existing, built-in defense mechanism to deal with contact with harmful substances. That’s not evolution. Viruses also have a built-in mechanism. No evolution. I’m reading about “super bugs” and so on, but that’s not millions of years of evolution or even hundreds. Human ingenuity guides therapies and comes up with new ideas and approaches.
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OKi
Guest
I loved Pope Benedict. I also liked the way he touched upon the evolutionary mindset in his inaugural homily:
“We are not some casual and meaningless product of evolution. Each of us is the result of a thought of God. Each of us is willed, each of us is loved, each of us is necessary.”
“We are not some casual and meaningless product of evolution. Each of us is the result of a thought of God. Each of us is willed, each of us is loved, each of us is necessary.”
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buffalo
Guest
Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics. The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. A growing body of evidence implicates environmental organisms as reservoirs of these resistance genes; however, the role of anthropogenic use of antibiotics in the emergence of these genes is controversial. We report a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years. We report that, like surface microbes, these bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics; some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Resistance was detected to a wide range of structurally different antibiotics including daptomycin, an antibiotic of last resort in the treatment of drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Enzyme-mediated mechanisms of resistance were also discovered for natural and semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics via glycosylation and through a kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanism. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug resistant pathogens. The implications of this study are significant to our understanding of the prevalence of resistance, even in microbiomes isolated from human use of antibiotics. This supports a growing understanding that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome.
journals.plos.org
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics. The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. A growing body of evidence implicates environmental organisms as reservoirs of these resistance genes; however, the role of anthropogenic use of antibiotics in the emergence of these genes is controversial. We report a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years. We report that, like surface microbes, these bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics; some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Resistance was detected to a wide range of structurally different antibiotics including daptomycin, an antibiotic of last resort in the treatment of drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Enzyme-mediated mechanisms of resistance were also discovered for natural and semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics via glycosylation and through a kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanism. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug resistant pathogens. The implications of this study are significant to our understanding of the prevalence of resistance, even in microbiomes isolated from human use of antibiotics. This supports a growing understanding that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome.
Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome
Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics. The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. A growing body of...
journals.plos.org
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OKi
Guest
I listened to the podcast you posted, and it reminded me of another short video Stephen Meyer from Discovery Institute is in called “Information Enigma”. (It’s on youtube if you search that title, “Information Enigma” - I’m new and can’t include links)
The video is wonderfully done, you can tell a teacher had (name removed by moderator)ut on making it, not just scientists. It walks you through the fairly simple argument that if life evolved from simple to more complex life forms, where did the additional genetic information come from? And is it reasonable to presume, given how complex and precise we now know DNA is, that new genetic information just fell into place at random via mutations?
Evolution might be true. But looking at it from this perspective, it’s hard to see how it could have happened. And I’ve never heard a scientist or anybody credibly explain how it might have happened in layman’s terms.
The video is wonderfully done, you can tell a teacher had (name removed by moderator)ut on making it, not just scientists. It walks you through the fairly simple argument that if life evolved from simple to more complex life forms, where did the additional genetic information come from? And is it reasonable to presume, given how complex and precise we now know DNA is, that new genetic information just fell into place at random via mutations?
Evolution might be true. But looking at it from this perspective, it’s hard to see how it could have happened. And I’ve never heard a scientist or anybody credibly explain how it might have happened in layman’s terms.
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buffalo
Guest
Study exposes how bacteria resist antibiotics
"We found nitric oxide can protect bacteria against oxidative stress.”
He said bacteria produce nitric oxide to resist antibiotics. The defense mechanism appears to apply broadly to many different types of antibiotics, he said.
"We found nitric oxide can protect bacteria against oxidative stress.”
He said bacteria produce nitric oxide to resist antibiotics. The defense mechanism appears to apply broadly to many different types of antibiotics, he said.
Loading…
www.reuters.com
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buffalo
Guest
The Case Against a Darwinian Origin of Protein Folds
Douglas D. Axe
Abstract
Four decades ago, several scientists suggested that the impossibility of any evolutionary process sampling anything but a miniscule fraction of the possible protein sequences posed a problem for the evolution of new proteins. This potential problem-the sampling problem-was largely ignored, in part because those who raised it had to rely on guesswork to fill some key gaps in their understanding of proteins. The huge advances since that time call for a careful reassessment of the issue they raised. Focusing specifically on the origin of new protein folds, I argue here that the sampling problem remains. The difficulty stems from the fact that new protein functions, when analyzed at the level of new beneficial phenotypes, typically require multiple new protein folds, which in turn require long stretches of new protein sequence. Two conceivable ways for this not to pose an insurmountable barrier to Darwinian searches exist. One is that protein function might generally be largely indifferent to protein sequence. The other is that relatively simple manipulations of existing genes, such as shuffling of genetic modules, might be able to produce the necessary new folds. I argue that these ideas now stand at odds both with known principles of protein structure and with direct experimental evidence. If this is correct, the sampling problem is here to stay, and we should be looking well outside the Darwinian framework for an adequate explanation of fold origins.
http://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/view/BIO-C.2010.1
Douglas D. Axe
Abstract
Four decades ago, several scientists suggested that the impossibility of any evolutionary process sampling anything but a miniscule fraction of the possible protein sequences posed a problem for the evolution of new proteins. This potential problem-the sampling problem-was largely ignored, in part because those who raised it had to rely on guesswork to fill some key gaps in their understanding of proteins. The huge advances since that time call for a careful reassessment of the issue they raised. Focusing specifically on the origin of new protein folds, I argue here that the sampling problem remains. The difficulty stems from the fact that new protein functions, when analyzed at the level of new beneficial phenotypes, typically require multiple new protein folds, which in turn require long stretches of new protein sequence. Two conceivable ways for this not to pose an insurmountable barrier to Darwinian searches exist. One is that protein function might generally be largely indifferent to protein sequence. The other is that relatively simple manipulations of existing genes, such as shuffling of genetic modules, might be able to produce the necessary new folds. I argue that these ideas now stand at odds both with known principles of protein structure and with direct experimental evidence. If this is correct, the sampling problem is here to stay, and we should be looking well outside the Darwinian framework for an adequate explanation of fold origins.
http://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/view/BIO-C.2010.1
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buffalo
Guest
Superbugs abound in soil
Survey of bacteria reveals an array of antibiotic-resistance.
Bacteria that live in soil have been found to harbour an astonishing armoury of natural weapons to fight off antibiotics. The discovery could help researchers anticipate the next wave of drug-resistant ‘superbugs’.
Researchers have long known that soil-dwelling bacteria make natural antibiotics, and that they have inbuilt ways to survive their own and other bugs’ toxins; in some cases, the genes that help them dodge antibiotics have transferred into infectious bugs that plague humans.
http://www.bioedonline.org/news/nature-news/superbugs-abound-soil/
Survey of bacteria reveals an array of antibiotic-resistance.
Bacteria that live in soil have been found to harbour an astonishing armoury of natural weapons to fight off antibiotics. The discovery could help researchers anticipate the next wave of drug-resistant ‘superbugs’.
Researchers have long known that soil-dwelling bacteria make natural antibiotics, and that they have inbuilt ways to survive their own and other bugs’ toxins; in some cases, the genes that help them dodge antibiotics have transferred into infectious bugs that plague humans.
http://www.bioedonline.org/news/nature-news/superbugs-abound-soil/
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buffalo
Guest
Evolution - more loss of function
5 Times Evolution Ran in ‘Reverse’
Now, in a shock to biologists, a close look at a 300-million-year-old hagfish fossil reveals that the animals once had working eyes—and evolution took them away.
PENGUINS BECAME FLIGHTLESS BIRDS
SNAKES LOST THEIR LEGS
APHIDS HAVE TUBELESS BUTTS
BIRDS NO LONGER HAVE TEETH
https://news.nationalgeographic.com...on-explained-hagfish-penguins-snakes-science/
5 Times Evolution Ran in ‘Reverse’
Now, in a shock to biologists, a close look at a 300-million-year-old hagfish fossil reveals that the animals once had working eyes—and evolution took them away.
PENGUINS BECAME FLIGHTLESS BIRDS
SNAKES LOST THEIR LEGS
APHIDS HAVE TUBELESS BUTTS
BIRDS NO LONGER HAVE TEETH
https://news.nationalgeographic.com...on-explained-hagfish-penguins-snakes-science/
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buffalo
Guest
So, not to mince words, the Modern Synthesis is gone.
The molecular revolution came first and culminated, on the one hand, in the neutral theory which asserts that the majority of the mutations that are fixed during evolution are neutral and, accordingly, the purifying selection is more common than positive selection 5, and on the other hand, in the grand molecular tree derived from rRNA comparison
In a world dominated by HGT, gene duplication, gene loss, and such momentous events as endosymbiosis, the idea of evolution being driven primarily by infinitesimal heritable changes in the Darwinian tradition has become untenable
The molecular revolution came first and culminated, on the one hand, in the neutral theory which asserts that the majority of the mutations that are fixed during evolution are neutral and, accordingly, the purifying selection is more common than positive selection 5, and on the other hand, in the grand molecular tree derived from rRNA comparison
In a world dominated by HGT, gene duplication, gene loss, and such momentous events as endosymbiosis, the idea of evolution being driven primarily by infinitesimal heritable changes in the Darwinian tradition has become untenable
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OKi
Guest
Thank you for posting that! (I’m out of likes as well so as a newbie I can’t even like your post right now lol)
LeafByNiggle
Well-known member
So far you have done an excellent job describing random variation as it relates to living things. Keep up the good work!
Also correct, if somewhat confusing. But yeah, sounds good.
Whoa there! The picture is not confounded. It is quite clear.
You are right in that I am confounded by these words because I don’t know what you mean by them. But apparently not everyone understands adaptation (if by “adaptation” you mean evolution on a small scale). I know you guys say adaptation is of a very different nature than evolution, but that is exactly the point at which we disagree. To me, and most biologists, adaptation though genetics and evolution are two ways of describing exactly the same thing. Indeed the only different is that evolution is big and adaptation is little. That is like saying the water in Lake Michigan is of a totally different nature than the water in the Walden Pond.
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Rau
Guest
There was no guessing involved! Why would you suggest there was? Countless animal variants arose and faded from this earth. There were no guesses involved there either. Just changes followed by the filtering effect called natural selection. We are left with those able to survive.
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Glark
Guest
Whatever do you mean?
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